According to the author, it was during the Paris Manuscripts period that Marx shifted his theoretical foundations from Feuerbach to Hegel. The theoretical challenge tackled by this book is to restore the authority of alienation theory, and strengthen the position of the Paris Manuscripts in the history of Marx thought, so as to rearrange the traditional landscape of research on early Marx thought.
This interpretation, proposed and published for the first time in the world, could compete with the theses of Louis Althusser and Hiromatsu Wataru, which consider Die deutsche Ideologie to be the turning point of Marx. Further, it represents a significant contribution by a Chinese scholar to the international research on Marx. Authors and affiliations Lixin Han 1 1.
For this reason, it has been preferable to arrange the material on the basis of the different parts of the notebooks. The notebooks containing the so-called [Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of ] A 7, A 8 and A 9 directly indicate Marx as the author and include in square brackets the section headings not chosen by him but attached to the text by later editors.
Late to J. Late to C. Late to F. Smith, Recherches sur B 20 Small-format notebook la nature et les causes de with normal paging.
June—July J. June—July G. August K. September D. First two pages, with excerpts from Seno- fonte, are not divided into columns. September J. Angleterre et en France Mid-September P. Normal paging, except for a few pages in two columns. Mid-September P. For Marx. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
Bakunin, Michail. Berlin: Dietz. The History of the Thirteen. Bauer, Bruno, ed. Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung. Charlottenburg, Ger- many: Verlag von Egbert Bauer. Berlin, Isaiah. Karl Marx. London: Oxford University Press. Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, ed. Grandjonc, Jacques. Paris: Maspero. The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx.
Boston, Massachu- setts: Brill. Mandel, Ernest. London: New Left Books. Marx, Karl. Der historische Materialismus. Siegfried Land- shut and Jacob Peter Mayer. Berlin: Marx-Engels-Verlag. Intro- duction.
Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. Yet the most prolific young man in the Hegelian Left had still published less than many of the others. The incompleteness that would characterize all his work was already present in the labours of his year in Paris. There was something incredible about his meticulousness, as he refused to write a sentence unless he could prove it in ten different ways. His notes are thus extremely precious.
They allow us to gauge the scope of his research, contain some reflections of his own, and should be considered an integral part of his oeuvre. This is also true of the Parisian period, when his manuscripts and reading notes testify to the close and indissoluble link between what he wrote and the comments he made on the work of others.
Manuscripts and notebooks of excerpts: the papers of Despite the incomplete and fragmentary character of the [Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts] of , nearly all readings of them have either ignored or treated as unimportant the philological problems they present cf. Rojahn , They were first published in their entirety only in — in two separate editions, moreover.
Not only the name but also the content varies between the two, and there are major differences in the order of the sections. Despite these evident problems of form, despite confusion following the publication of different versions and, above all, the knowledge that much of the second manuscript the most important but scattered one was missing from the set, none of the critical interpreters or compilers of new editions undertook a re-examination of the originals.
Yet this was especially necessary for the text that weighed so heavily in debates among the various interpretations of Marx. Written between May and August, the [Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts] are not a work that develops in a systematic or prearranged manner. Not homogeneous or even closely interconnected between their parts, the manuscripts are an evident expression of a position in movement.
A comparison of them with his writings of the period, published or unpublished, decisively demonstrates the importance of his reading for the development of his ideas. The only note was added later, on the right side of the sheet in question, which was the place he usually kept for this purpose. In fact, although these are the most extensive excerpts, they contain virtually no comments.
As these studies advanced, his critical notes were no longer sporadic but punctuated his summaries and expanded with his knowledge as he moved from author to author. To underline once more the importance of the excerpts, it should be pointed out just how useful these notes were to him both when he made them and subsequently. Above all, given that Marx was in the habit of re-reading his notes at a distance of time, he was able to use these exhaustive materials in the [Grundrisse] , as well as in the economic manuscripts of , better known as Theories of Surplus-Value , and the first volume of Capital.
To conclude: Marx developed his ideas both in the [Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts] and in the notebooks of excerpts from his reading. The manuscripts are filled with quotations, the first being almost a straightforward collection, and the notebooks of compilations, though largely centred on the texts he was reading at the time, are accompanied with his comments.
To separate these manuscripts from the rest, to extrapolate them from their context, may therefore lead to errors of interpretation. Rojahn, , Critique of philosophy and critique of politics. Those were times of profound economic and social transformation, and especially of a huge increase in the numbers of the proletariat. With his discovery of the proletariat Marx was able to break up into class terms the Hegelian concept of civil society. The revolt of the Silesian weavers in June afforded Marx a last opportunity to develop his thinking.
More generally, Marx considered that those who advocated the reform of society the objective of socialist doctrines at the time , wage equality and a reorganization of work within the capitalist system were still prisoners of the assumptions they combated Proudhon or, above all, did not understand the true relationship between private property and alienated labour.
The closer Marx felt socialist doctrines to be to his own thought, the more strongly he felt the need for clarity and the more sharply he was critical of them. The working out of his own conception led him into constant comparisons between the ideas around him and the results of his ongoing studies.
The speed with which he was maturing made this a necessity. The same fate lay in store for the Hegelian Left. Indeed, his judgements of its main exponents were the most severe, since they also represented self-criticism of his own past. Its object is its enemy, which it wants not to refute but to exterminate.
It was the gulf separating the quest for free self-consciousness from the quest for free labour. He bid farewell forever to philosophy that had not reached this awareness and achieved its necessary conversion into philosophy of praxis. His conclusions were not speculative but directed towards revolutionary action cf. Wages of Labour Profit of Capital. Capital 2. The Profit of Capital 3. Rent of Land Estranged Labour.
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